| |
|
| |
| The following finding that conjugated
equine estrogen but not esterified estrogen was
associated with venous thrombotic risk may have
implications for the choice of hormones in perimenopausal
and postmenopausal women. |
| |
| JAMA. 2004 Oct 6;292(13):1581-7
|
| |
| Esterified estrogens
and conjugated equine estrogens and the risk of
venous thrombosis. |
| |
Smith NL, Heckbert SR, Lemaitre
RN, Reiner AP, Lumley T, Weiss NS, Larson EB, Rosendaal
FR, Psaty BM.
Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington,
Seattle, USA. nlsmith@u.washington.edu
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| These observations suggest that
the addition of testosterone to conventional hormone
therapy for postmenopausal women does not increase
and may indeed reduce the hormone therapy-associated
breast cancer risk-thereby returning the incidence
to the normal rates observed in the general, untreated
population. |
| |
| Menopause. 2004 Sep-Oct;11(5):531-5
|
| |
| Breast cancer incidence
in postmenopausal women using testosterone in addition
to usual hormone therapy. |
| |
Dimitrakakis C, Jones RA, Liu
A, Bondy CA.
Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| The pharmacodynamic differences
of testosterone and methyltestosterone are briefly
reviewed in the context of choice for individualized
clinical use. |
| |
| Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Apr;79(4
Suppl):S8-13 |
| |
| Hot flashes and androgens:
a biological rationale for clinical practice. |
| |
Notelovitz M.
Adult Women's Health & Medicine, Boca Raton,
Fla, USA. mnotelo@aol.com
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| The results of this study suggest
a significant reduction in the incidence of type
2 diabetes in our population of non-obese, healthy
postmenopausal women who used transdermal 17-beta-estradiol.
This could suggest that, in some women, the estrogen
deficiency that occurs after menopause could represent
a fundamental step in the process of diabetogenesis. |
| |
| Diabetes Care. 2004 Mar;27(3):645-9 |
| |
| Transdermal 17-beta-estradiol
and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a population
of healthy, nonobese postmenopausal women. |
| |
Rossi R, Origliani G, Modena MG.
Institute of Cardiology, University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. rossi.r@policlinico.mo.it |
| |
| The full text article is available
FREE online: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/3/645 |
| |
| Mayo Clinic researchers surveyed
176 women taking natural bio-identical micronized
progesterone who had previously taken synthetic
progestins. After one to six months, the women reported
an overall 34% increase in satisfaction on micronized
progesterone compared to their previous HRT, reporting
these improvements: 50% in hot flashes, 42% in depression,
and 47% in anxiety. Micronized progesterone was
also more effective in controlling breakthrough
bleeding. |
| |
| J Womens Health Gend Based Med
2000 May;9(4):381-7 |
| |
| Comparison of regimens
containing oral micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone
acetate on quality of life in postmenopausal women:
a cross-sectional survey. |
| |
| Fitzpatrick LA, Pace C, Wiita
B. |
| |
Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation,
Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
The abstract of this article can be viewed online.
Go to PubMed: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed
In the search box, enter the following PMID: 10868610 |
| |
| Fertil Steril 1999 Sep;72(3):389-97 |
| |
| Micronized progesterone:
clinical indications and comparison with current
treatments. |
| |
Fitzpatrick LA, Good A.
Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and
Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 Dec;36(7):2154-9 |
| |
| Natural progesterone,
but not medroxyprogesterone acetate, enhances the
beneficial effect of estrogen on exercise-induced
myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women. |
| |
Rosano GM, Webb CM, Chierchia
S, Morgani GL, Gabraele M, Sarrel PM, de Ziegler
D, Collins P.
Department of Cardiology, Ospedale San Raffaele,
Rome, Italy.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| The PEPI Trial, a 3-year multicenter,
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
of 875 healthy postmenopausal women, confirmed that
synthetic progestins partially negate the beneficial
effects on cholesterol levels that result from taking
estrogen. Natural bio-identical progesterone, on
the other hand, maintains all the benefits of estrogen
on cholesterol without any of the side effects associated
with synthetic progestins, such as medroxyprogesterone
acetate. |
| |
| JAMA 1995 Jan 18;273(3):199-208 |
| |
| Effects of estrogen or
estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk
factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal
Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. |
| |
The Writing Group for the PEPI
Trial.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| Certain progestogens, such as
micronized progesterone, can be administered concurrently
with estrogen replacement therapy, providing protection
against endometrial hyperplasia without significantly
affecting the beneficial effects of estrogen on
lipid profiles, atherosclerosis and vascular reactivity. |
| |
| J Reprod Med 2000 Mar;45(3 Suppl):245-58 |
| |
| Rationale for hormone
replacement therapy in atherosclerosis prevention. |
| |
Wagner JD
Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem,
NC
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1062-1067
|
| |
| Estrogen status correlates
with the calcium content of coronary atherosclerotic
plaques in women. |
| |
Christian RC, Harrington S, Edwards
WD, Oberg AL, Fitzpatrick LA.
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition,
Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and
Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| J Neurosci. 2003 Dec 10;23(36):11420-6 |
| |
| Estradiol attenuates
programmed cell death after stroke-like injury. |
| |
Rau SW, Dubal DB, Bottner M,
Gerhold LM, Wise PM.
Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky
College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536,
USA.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| Endocrinology 2001 Mar 1;142(3):969-973 |
| |
| Minireview: Neuroprotective
Effects of Estrogen-New Insights into Mechanisms
of Action. |
| |
Wise PM, Dubal DB, Wilson ME,
Rau SW, Bottner M
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| The use of conjugated equine
estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate in a double-blind,
randomized, controlled trial of 16,608 postmenopausal
women between the ages of 50 and 79 years doubled
the risk of venous thrombosis. This horse estrogen
plus synthetic progestin therapy increased the risks
associated with age, overweight or obesity, and
factor V Leiden. |
| |
| JAMA. 2004 Oct 6;292(13):1573-80 |
| |
| Estrogen plus progestin
and risk of venous thrombosis. |
| |
Cushman M, Kuller LH, Prentice
R, Rodabough RJ, Psaty BM, Stafford RS, Sidney S,
Rosendaal FR; Women's Health Initiative Investigators.
Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington
05446, USA. mary.cushman@uvm.edu
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| Chem Res Toxicol 1998 Sep;11(9):1105-11
|
| |
| The equine estrogen metabolite
4-hydroxyequilenin causes DNA single-strand breaks
and oxidation of DNA bases in vitro. |
| |
Chen Y, Shen L, Zhang F, Lau
SS, van Breemen RB, Nikolic D, Bolton JL
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy
(M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, The University of
Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| The following study concluded
that in non-human primates, medroxyprogesterone
in contrast to progesterone increases the risk of
coronary vasospasm. Progesterone plus estradiol
protected but medroxyprogesterone plus estradiol
failed to protect, allowing vasospasm. |
| |
| Nat Med 1997 Mar;3(3):324-7 |
| |
| Medroxyprogesterone interferes
with ovarian steroid protection against coronary
vasospasm. |
| |
Miyagawa K, Rosch J, Stanczyk
F, Hermsmeyer K.
Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Oregon
97006, USA.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| MPA reduces the dilatory effect
of estrogens on coronary arteries, increases the
progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis,
accelerates low-density lipoprotein uptake in plaque,
increases the thrombogenic potential of atherosclerotic
plaques and promotes insulin resistance and its
consequent hyperglycemia. These effects may be largely
limited to MPA and not shared with other progestogens. |
| |
| J Reprod Med 1999 Feb;44(2
Suppl):180-4 |
| |
| Progestogens and cardiovascular
disease. A critical review. |
| |
Clarkson TB.
Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem,
NC
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| Significant bone loss occurs
during the 10 to 15 years before menopause when
estrogen levels are still normal. Progesterone can
stimulate new bone formation in women with osteoporosis.
Dr. Prior measured estrogen and progesterone
levels in female marathon runners who had osteoporosis.
Although their estrogen levels were still high,
they had stopped ovulating (common in female athletes)
and progesterone levels had fallen, triggering the
onset of osteoporosis. This can indicate a role
for progesterone use, alone or combined with estrogen
which reduces bone loss, in improving Bone Mineral
Density. |
| |
| Endocr Rev 1990 May;11(2):386-98 |
| Progesterone as a bone-trophic
hormone. |
| |
Prior JC.
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| The WHI assessed the major health
benefits and risks of the most commonly used combined
hormone preparation in the United States, the synthetic
combination of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone
acetate. Absolute excess risks per 10,000 person-years
attributable to this synthetic hormone combination
were 7 more CHD events, 8 more strokes, 8 more pulmonary
emboli, and 8 more invasive breast cancers, while
absolute risk reductions per 10,000 person-years
were 6 fewer colorectal cancers and 5 fewer hip
fractures. |
| |
| JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):321-33 |
| Risks and benefits of
estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal
women: principal results From the Women's Health
Initiative randomized controlled trial. |
| |
Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice
RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson
RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen
JM, Ockene J; Writing Group for the Women's Health
Initiative Investigators.
Division of Women's Health Initiative, National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 6705 Rockledge
Dr, One Rockledge Ctr, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20817,
USA.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| Among postmenopausal women aged
65 years or older, synthetic estrogen plus progestin
did not improve cognitive function when compared
with placebo. However, typical HRT users are in
their 50s and this study focused on women aged 65
and over, who have a higher risk for dementia. |
| |
| JAMA 2003 May 28;289(20):2663-72 |
| |
| Effect of estrogen plus
progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal
women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study:
a randomized controlled trial. |
| |
Rapp SR, Espeland MA, Shumaker
SA, Henderson VW, Brunner RL, Manson JE, Gass ML,
Stefanick ML, Lane DS, Hays J, Johnson KC, Coker
LH, Dailey M, Bowen D; WHIMS Investigators.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine,
Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem,
NC 27157, USA.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
| Estrogen plus progestin increases
the risk of ischemic stroke in generally healthy
postmenopausal women. This finding is consistent
with the differences noted earlier between synthetic
medroxyprogesterone acetate and bio-identical progesterone. |
| |
| JAMA 2003 May 28;289(20):2673-84 |
| |
Effect of estrogen
plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women:
the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized trial. |
| |
Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix
SL, Limacher M, Heiss G, Kooperberg C, Baird A,
Kotchen T, Curb JD, Black H, Rossouw JE, Aragaki
A, Safford M, Stein E, Laowattana S, Mysiw WJ; WHI
Investigators.
Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461,
USA.
Click here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. |
| |
